A robust literature is developing around how the stress of discrimination is implicated in individual- and group-level sleep disturbances, and how these disturbances contribute to the development of population-level sleep disparities over time. Although discrimination can be based on many individual and intersecting biases, like gender, sexuality, socioeconomic status, and education, in this article, we focus on discrimination rooted in ethnicity and race because of the well-founded documentation of disparities in sleep by race. Focusing primarily on adolescence and young adulthood, we integrate research linking ethnic and racial discrimination to sleep across a variety of methods and developmental time spans, ending with reflections on interventions. In so doing, we seek to advance research and encourage conversations that cross-fertilize collaborations between those with interests in discrimination, sleep, and population-level health equity.

INTRODUCTION

Parents, teachers, scholars, and educational institutions agree nearly universally that sleep and sleep behaviors are important for the healthy development of young people. Sufficient and good-quality sleep is critical for overall adjustment, developmental milestones, and daily functioning for humans across the lifespan. Although sleep duration declines from infancy through old age, its importance for functioning and thriving does not wane (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022; National Sleep Foundation, 2020). In this article, we focus on the developmental period of adolescence (12–17 years) and young adulthood (18–25 years) as especially critical periods for sleep health. These are developmental periods of significant physical and social change (Erikson, 1950), and times when sleep is especially important for cognitive functioning, psychological health (e.g., anxiety, depression), and physical health (e.g., inflammation, aging, weight; Galván, 2020; Sletten et al., 2023). Short sleep duration (less than 8 h a day for adolescents and less than 7 h a day for young adults) and poor sleep quality are associated with lower levels of daily functioning; decreased positive mood; compromised academic performance; and chronic health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, and immune deficiency (Bryant & Gómez, 2015; Chen et al., 2021; Galván, 2020; Kansagra, 2020; Paruthi et al., 2016; Wheaton et al., 2018; Wheaton & Claussen, 2021). Adolescence and young adulthood are also periods when ethnic and racial discrimination is especially salient, the effects of this discrimination on well-being and adjustment are particularly pronounced (Benner et al., 2018; El-Sheikh et al., 2021), and discrimination can predict later adult outcomes (Adam et al., 2015).

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SLEEP

Although sleep needs have biological bases, sleep behaviors are strongly influenced by immediate and distal social, environmental, and societal contexts. Notably, contextual sources of stress, such as neighborhood conditions, bedroom characteristics, and socioeconomic pressures, have been linked to disruptions in sleep (Johnson et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2022; Mayne et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2021). In this article, we consider the stress of interpersonal ethnic and racial discrimination as yet another context with empirical links to sleep disturbances (Goosby et al., 2017; Huynh & Gillen-O'Neel, 2016; Slopen et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 2006; Tomfohr et al., 2012). Motivations for investigating the links between ethnic and racial discrimination and sleep originate from observations of race-based disparities in sleep duration and quality from infancy through adulthood (Cespedes et al., 2014; El-Sheikh et al., 2022; Johnson et al., 2018; Tomalski et al., 2016; Tomfohr et al., 2012; Yip, Cham, et al., 2020; Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020; Yip, Cheon, Wang, Deng, et al., 2020). Rather than being explained biologically, sleep disparities (like many other health disparities) have been linked to social determinants such as racism and race-based discrimination (Slopen & Williams, 2014; Yip, Cham, et al., 2020; Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020).

THE NATURE OF THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SLEEP AND DISCRIMINATION

Next, we address the three ways in which the associations between sleep and ethnic and racial and unspecified discrimination have been considered. The most common approach is to investigate direct associations between discrimination and sleep, either through correlational or longitudinal designs, with discrimination linked to sleep disturbances. Building on the investigation of direct associations, a second approach considers sleep disturbances as a mediating, or explanatory, mechanism linking discrimination to compromised developmental outcomes through pathways of sleep disturbance. Finally, a third area of research builds on theories of stress amplification (Felson, 1992; Ingersoll-Dayton et al., 1997) and investigates the joint effects of discrimination and sleep, where the negative impact of discrimination on outcomes is amplified for young people with poor sleep (e.g., short duration, poor quality, high variability) and protected for youth with better sleep (e.g., sufficient duration, good quality, low variability). We conclude with a discussion of the possible promise of sleep interventions for mitigating the effects of racism and discrimination on youth development.

SLEEP MEASUREMENT AND TERMINOLOGY

Sleep and sleep disturbances are measured by a host of indicators, including self-report measures and objective indicators like ambulatory wrist actigraphy (Brown et al., 2018; Naismith & Mowszowski, 2018; Smith et al., 2018) and lab-based polysomnography (Lee et al., 2019; Shahid et al., 2012). Sleep is a complex biobehavioral activity and each sleep indicator provides complementary information. Sleep onset refers to the transition from wake to sleep. Sleep offset refers to the transition from sleep to wake. Sleep duration is a common focus of sleep science and national guidelines provide discrete benchmarks by age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022; National Sleep Foundation, 2020). Sleep duration can be self-reported for a “typical” evening (sometimes differentiating weekdays from weekends; Buysse et al., 1989) or self-reported for a given evening (e.g., using experience sampling techniques that query participants daily for several days or weeks); it can also be assessed objectively with equipment like wrist actigraphy or polysomnography, which passively measures motion, physical activity, and heart rate in predetermined intervals (e.g., seconds, minutes) to determine periods of sleep and wakefulness (Sadeh, 2011).

Sleep quality is another common metric, with measurements ranging from subjective self-report (e.g., how well did you sleep yesterday/the past week/the past month; Dewald et al., 2010; Meijer et al., 2010) to objective actigraphy or polysomnography (e.g., minutes of wakefulness after sleep onset, considered an indicator of poor-quality sleep, sleep efficiency; Chee et al., 2021; Chiang et al., 2017; Kuula et al., 2015; Lee & Suen, 2017). A newer and increasingly popular indicator of sleep quality is regularity, a self-reported or objectively measured assessment of whether an individual's sleep onset and offset occur at approximately the same time each day (Lunsford-Avery et al., 2018). Emerging research supports the health benefits of higher regularity for outcomes such as academic grades, mood, performance, health, and mortality (Phillips et al., 2017; Sano et al., 2015; Sletten et al., 2023; Windred et al., 2023; Yip et al., 2023). In the following sections, we discuss the aforementioned sleep indicators, with details about the relevant metric and method of data collection.

DIRECT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP

Discrimination based on ethnicity or race is a form of stress, and stress has been implicated in sleep disturbances (Alcántara et al., 2017). A growing body of research, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches, has supported the link between discrimination and sleep among ethnically and racially minoritized young people.

Cross-sectional approaches

Cross-sectional studies have linked ethnic and racial discrimination with concurrent sleep problems (e.g., more sleep disturbance, poorer sleep quality, shorter sleep duration) among Black, Latine, and Asian adolescents (Durley et al., 2023; Huynh & Gillen-O'Neel, 2016; Majeno et al., 2018; Shipman-Lacewell et al., 2023). Not only are direct experiences of ethnic and racial discrimination related to sleep disturbance, but research on Indigenous and ethnically diverse adolescents (range_age = 10–15 years) in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia (Priest et al., 2020), has found that vicarious ethnic and racial discrimination (e.g., witnessing or hearing about discrimination directed at others) was also associated with shorter sleep duration, longer latency to sleep onset (i.e., taking longer to fall asleep), and more sleep disruption.

Longitudinal approaches

Pathways from cross-sectional exposures to developmental patterns and ultimately population-level phenomenon require investigation of cumulative exposures. These studies are supported by shorter-term (e.g., days, weeks) and longer-term (e.g., months, years) longitudinal designs that illuminate temporal associations in which discrimination stress precedes disturbances in sleep.

Shorter-term longitudinal designs

Experience sampling approaches such as daily diary studies involve intensive, repeated assessments of the same individual over a short period (e.g., days, weeks) to elucidate micro-level, temporal associations between discrimination and sleep. In studies using self-reported sleep measures, on days when ethnically and racially diverse adolescents encountered discrimination, they reported shorter sleep duration (Chen et al., 2022), more sleep/wake problems (e.g., daytime sleepiness; Xie et al., 2021), and more sleep disturbance that night (Yip, Cham, et al., 2020; Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020). Moreover, this trend was particularly pronounced for multi-ethnic and multiracial adolescents, compared with mono-ethnic and monoracial adolescents (Xie et al., 2021). Multi-ethnic and multiracial adolescents are often exposed to multiple forms of discrimination related to diverse ethnic/racial backgrounds as they navigate multiple ethnic/racial heritages (Johnston & Nadal, 2010). The intersection of multiple forms of discrimination may exacerbate the adverse impact of discrimination on sleep, leading multi-ethnic and multiracial adolescents to report stronger ethnicity/race-related stress responses (Albuja et al., 2019).

Researchers have found similar results for Black (Fuller-Rowell et al., 2021) and Asian college students (Ong et al., 2017), linking ethnic and racial discrimination and microaggressions to self-reported nighttime sleep problems. Black undergraduate students (M_age = 20.1, SD_age = 1.6; 74% female) from a university in the northern United States who experienced higher levels of race-based discrimination reported poorer sleep quality the next day (Fuller-Rowell et al., 2021); similarly, Asian American first-year college students (M_age = 18.1, SD_age = 0.55; 43% female) from a university in the eastern United States who reported higher levels of racial microaggressions on a given day were more likely to report poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration the next day (Ong et al., 2017). Similar temporal patterns between discrimination and next-day sleep problems have been found among ethnically and racially minoritized adolescents (22% Black, 41% Asian, 37% Latine, M_age = 14.29, SD_age = 0.65, 67% female, 33% male, 76% U.S.-born, 23% parental high school attainment), for whom unspecified discrimination on a given day was associated with higher levels of next-day self-reported daytime dysfunction and daytime sleepiness (Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020).

Adding to the growing evidence from studies that used self-reported sleep metrics, a parallel body of literature has investigated the associations between discrimination and sleep using objective indicators of sleep, most commonly collected using wrist actigraphy. For example, daily unspecified discrimination was linked to 1.16-min shorter same-night sleep onset latency (i.e., falling asleep faster) among ethnically and racially diverse minoritized adolescents (22% Black, 41% Asian, 37% Latine; Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020). Although we lack national benchmarks for what is considered optimal sleep onset latency, clinical literature considers healthy sleep onset latency as falling asleep within 30 min (Edinger et al., 2004; Lichstein et al., 2003). In a study of first-year high school students (M_age = 16.38, SD_age = 0.48; Saxvig et al., 2020), sleep onset latency was 32 min on school nights and 24 min on nonschool nights. In a study of Flemish adolescents (M_age = 15.01, SD_age = 0.65; Delfmann et al., 2023), sleep onset latency was 26 min on school nights and 20 min on nonschool nights.

Shorter sleep onset latency (i.e., falling asleep faster) may be interpreted as exhaustion related to discrimination stress. In another study of diverse adolescents (i.e., White, Black, biracial/one Black parent; M_age = 13.7, SD_age = 1.1; 55% female; Goosby et al., 2018) using wrist actigraphy, a different pattern emerged: On days when adolescents experienced unspecified discriminatory events, they had better sleep efficiency (i.e., fewer wake minutes after sleep onset) and longer sleep duration. However, in the same study, daily patterns were aggregated over 14 days, and retrospective reports of everyday unspecified discrimination were associated with indicators of poorer sleep quality (e.g., shorter sleep onset latency, less efficient sleep, and more wake minutes after sleep onset—an indicator of sleep disruption).

These seemingly conflicting data patterns raise the possibility that while discrimination stress may result in sleep disturbances, sleep may also serve as a coping resource to aid physiological recovery from the biological wear and tear of discrimination stress (Das, 2013; Forde et al., 2019; Simons et al., 2021; Yip, 2015). Indeed, longer sleep duration and higher-quality sleep on a given night facilitated more active coping strategies among adolescents on days when they experienced higher levels of discrimination the following day (M_age = 14.72, SD_age = 0.54, 40% Asian, 22% Black, 38% Latine, 73% female, 27% male, 76% U.S.-born, 34% parental high school attainment; Wang & Yip, 2020).

Longer-term longitudinal designs

To elucidate how short-term processes are implicated in development over time, researchers have also investigated longer-term associations between discrimination and sleep (i.e., over several months or years). In one study, ethnic and racial discrimination was prospectively linked to self-reported sleep problems (e.g., disturbance) in Black adolescents (M_age = 10.9, SD_age = 0.90; 46% female) and their parents (Hart et al., 2021). Black adolescents and their mothers who reported racial discrimination were more likely to report poorer sleep quality 8 months later. Similarly, in another study, unspecified discrimination was associated with more frequent sleep variability (calculated across 7 days of self-reported sleep duration) 2 years later in a study of Mexican-origin young adults (M_age = 21.1, SD_age = 1.52; 50% female; Zeiders, 2017).

Bidirectional associations

Two studies have identified possible reciprocal associations between discrimination stress and sleep. In one, researchers initially sought to investigate how sleep was affected by discrimination, but as a test of alternative possibilities, they considered whether sleep predicted next-day discrimination. While actigraphy-collected sleep indicators did not predict next-day reports of unspecified discrimination, self-reported sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction, and daytime sleepiness were associated with an increased likelihood of reporting unspecified discrimination the next day (Yip, Cheon, Wang, Cham, et al., 2020). In the second study, ethnic and racial discrimination was associated bidirectionally with self-reported sleep quality in first-year Latine college students (70.8% female and 64.4% first-generation college students; range_age = 18–20; Gordon et al., 2020) from one academic year to the next. While earlier experiences of ethnic and racial discrimination were related to subsequent levels of poor sleep, poor sleep quality also predicted subsequent levels of ethnic and racial discrimination experiences. Poor sleep could result in negative mood, strain interpersonal relationships, and heighten reactivity to threatening stimuli and rejection (Gordon et al., 2020; Gordon & Chen, 2014; Killgore et al., 2017), which may, in turn, amplify people's perceptions of ethnic and racial discrimination from others.

SLEEP DISTURBANCES AS MEDIATING PATHWAYS

Research on the direct associations between discrimination and sleep has been extended in systematic ways to investigate sleep disturbances as a physiological pathway through which discrimination leads to downstream developmental outcomes. In fact, according to the race-based disparities in stress and sleep in context model, the stress of ethnic and racial discrimination leads to sleep disturbances, which in turn lead to disparities in health and educational outcomes (Levy et al., 2016). Broadly, research supports theorized pathways that sleep disturbances may explain links between discrimination and disparities. For example, in one study in which adolescents provided daily reports for 14 days, researchers investigated whether sleep disturbances mediated the link between ethnic and racial discrimination and mental health outcomes. On days when ethnically and racially minoritized adolescents (M_age = 14.27, SD_age = 0.61; 69% female; 21.7% Black, 41.4% Asian, 36.9% Latine) experienced ethnic and racial discrimination, they also reported higher levels of nighttime sleep disturbance. In turn, increases in nighttime sleep disturbance predicted higher levels of negative mood, anxiety, rumination, and somatic symptoms the next day (Yip et al., 2022). Similar mediating patterns were found for daytime dysfunction and daytime sleepiness, indicators of sleep–wake problems (Yip et al., 2022). Investigating cumulative experiences of ethnic and racial discrimination over a 6-month period, discrimination was associated with higher daily levels of nighttime sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction, and daytime sleepiness, which in turn was associated with higher levels of cumulative negative mood, anxious mood, rumination, and somatic symptoms at the end of 2 weeks (Yip et al., 2022).

Researchers have also conducted less direct investigations of explanatory processes using self-reported sleep in cross-sectional designs. For example, in one study, researchers investigated the extent to which the link between ethnic and racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms in Black adolescents (M_age = 14.36, SD_age = 1.70; 49.5% female) could be explained by higher levels of sleep disturbance (Shipman-Lacewell et al., 2023). Ethnic and racial discrimination was associated with retrospective reports of elevated sleep disturbance in the prior week, which explained higher levels of anxiety during the same period.

JOINT ASSOCIATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP WITH DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES

A third way developmental scientists have considered the association between discrimination and sleep is as interacting influences on developmental outcomes. Adopting an additive stress framework (Monroe & Simons, 1991), the negative effects of discrimination are hypothesized to be exacerbated for young people who also suffer from sleep disturbances (while youth who do not suffer from sleep disturbances may be protected). A review of the literature finds evidence for both possibilities. In a cross-sectional study of socioeconomically diverse Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents from small cities in the southeastern United States (M_age = 17.30, SD_age = 0.76, 49% female, 51% male, 41% Black, 59% White), the associations between ethnic and racial and unspecified discrimination and anxiety and depression were exacerbated for adolescents who had shorter actigraphy-measured sleep duration and poor sleep quality (El-Sheikh et al., 2022). Similarly, lower levels of sleep regularity (i.e., highly variable sleep onset and offset times) were associated with increased rule-breaking behaviors among adolescents experiencing unspecified discrimination. Conversely, greater sleep efficiency conferred protection for symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially for female (compared to male) adolescents (El-Sheikh et al., 2022).

Beyond cross-sectional research, longitudinal associations have supported both the exacerbating and protective roles of sleep. Two studies of the same sample of ethnically and racially diverse 13- to 16-year-olds (M_age = 14.18, SD_age = 0.46, 70% female, 30% male, 82% U.S.-born, 9% Black, 25% Latine, 42% Asian, 25% White) investigated how discrimination and sleep jointly predicted mental health and academic outcomes over 3 years. Adolescents who reported low levels of discrimination and high levels of sleep quality also experienced increases in self-esteem and school engagement (Dunbar et al., 2017; Yip, 2015). Conversely, poor sleep quality exacerbated the negative impact of discrimination on academic outcomes: Adolescents with low levels of sleep quality who also reported more discrimination experiences had declining levels of school engagement and lower grades over time (Dunbar et al., 2017). In a different study of ethnically and racially diverse adolescents (M_age = 14.26, SD_age = 0.61, 21% Black 37% Latine, 41% Asian, 71% female, 29% male), ethnic and racial discrimination was associated with lower grades. However, for adolescents whose actigraphs recorded higher levels of sleep regularity, experiences of discrimination were not associated with grades, providing additional support for the protective role of sleep regularity (Yip et al., 2023).

THE POTENTIAL FOR INTERVENTIONS FOCUSED ON SLEEP TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION

Characterizing the ways in which discrimination stress is associated with sleep through direct effects, explanatory pathways, or stress amplification matters because identifying the exact nature of these associations can inform policies and practices related to sleep-focused interventions. In addition to being a biological need, science suggests that sleep is also a promotive developmental resource. Moreover, sleep is also a modifiable health behavior with documented health benefits (Schwecherl, 2021). Therefore, improving sleep can disrupt temporal associations between racism and development.

Intervention programs have proven successful in improving various aspects of sleep and sleep behavior in adolescents and young adults. Efficacy studies show that sleep interventions have the power to improve important components of sleep, such as total sleep time/duration (Crowley et al., 2022), sleep quality (Garbers et al., 2021), and sleep efficiency (Blake et al., 2018). Meta-analyses confirm these findings (Blake et al., 2017). For example, a meta-review of interventions and lifestyle factors of sleep in adolescents and young adults (Olaithe et al., 2024) found that sleep interventions have both short-term and long-term effects on sleep quality.

Examples of sleep interventions include school-based sleep hygiene education programs. Implemented primarily in K-12 schools, these programs teach students about behaviors related to sleep hygiene that are conducive to proper sleep, including appropriate sleep schedules, healthy sleep habits, environments that support sleep, and physiological practices that aid sleep (e.g. relaxation exercises). Sometimes, these interventions are offered to the legal guardians of children. For example, one U.S. intervention randomized parents and their children to three groups that each provided one of three messages to promote sleep: no caffeine, no bedroom electronics, bed before 9 p.m. At other times, interventions are taught directly to students. For example, in a Hong Kong study (M_age = 14.70, SD_age = 1.50, 60% female, 40% male), adolescents attended seminars about sleep, read printed material with sleep information, and viewed a sleep-related website. Studies of school-based sleep hygiene education programs have found a small short-term impact for participants of increased total sleep time/duration (Chung et al., 2017; Hall & Nethery, 2019).

Other types of sleep interventions include cognitive behavioral sleep interventions. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia targets cognitive (e.g., relaxation) and behavioral (e.g., sleep restriction and stimulus control) components. These types of programs are implemented in a variety of ways: in face-to-face meetings individually or in small groups, via a website, or in schools. Cognitive behavioral sleep interventions have had long-term impacts: In one study, between 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, improvements for sleep onset latency (how long it takes to transition from wake to sleep) and wake minutes after sleep onset (but not total sleep time) remained (Åslund et al., 2018). Sleep interventions with components such as sleep scheduling, personalized bedtimes, relaxation, and mindfulness had stronger efficacy.

Sleep interventions also capitalize on different methods of delivery based on which modality the group of focus is likely to follow. For example, some interventions harness the power of smartphone applications, which may be more attractive to adolescents and young adults. A randomized controlled trial of Sleep Ninja, a smartphone application-based cognitive behavioral therapy sleep intervention for 12- to 16-year-olds in Australia, yielded promising results (Werner-Seidler et al., 2023). The intervention group participated in six, 5- to 10-min sessions administered via the application in a gamification style with different levels and opportunities to earn rewards. Sessions covered topics such as psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, stimulus control, and cognitive therapy (e.g., how to deal with thoughts that can prevent sleep onset). Participants in the intervention group self-reported greater reduction in insomnia than did participants in the control group. Furthermore, changes in insomnia mediated changes in depression, and no adverse effects were reported. The wide array of efficacious sleep interventions tailored to adolescents and young adults provides both researchers and practitioners opportunities to interrupt the effects of ethnic and racial discrimination on sleep and broaden developmental outcomes through mediated pathways.

Despite the strong promise of low-cost, high-efficacy sleep intervention programs, we know little about whether the results of interventions, programs, and structures generalize to ethnically and racially minoritized youth, and in our review, we did not find evidence of programs targeting these groups. Among existing interventions, a few efficacy studies reported the ethnic and racial composition of their sample, used stratified random sampling by race, or reported across-group differences by race (Crowley et al., 2022). Considering race disparities in sleep and the links between discrimination and sleep, a colorblind approach to both intervention implementation and efficacy studies is inadequate (El-Sheikh et al., 2022; Johnson et al., 2018). Truly understanding the universality of these interventions, programs, and structures requires a rigorous culturally cognizant analysis.

CONCLUSION

Science demonstrates that sleep and sleep behaviors are consequential for adolescent and young adult development. To this discussion, we have added ethnic and racial discrimination as both a precursor to sleep problems and other developmental concerns and an added stressor that can exacerbate existing sleep difficulties. Taken together, this body of evidence suggests that sleep is yet another area of functioning and development that is affected by racism in complex and multidirectional ways. Therefore, investigations of racism and youth development must consider sleep health. A focus on sleep health also holds promise for mitigating the negative developmental effects of ethnic and racial discrimination on mental health, physical health, and academic outcomes. Improving sleep, a developmental resource, may improve health for all youth, but especially for those who are affected by racism. Indeed, interventions developed to improve sleep are low-cost and effective, with promising potential, especially with further investigation into how sleep interventions are received by minoritized young people. We do not propose asking young people to “sleep off” racism; instead, we advocate for the creation of sleep-promoting programs that have a direct benefit for developmental outcomes, as well as indirect benefits by disrupting the negative effects of racism.

FUNDING INFORMATION

Preparation of this article was supported by the National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (grant no. 1354134) and by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (grant nos R01MD015715, R01MD015763, and R21MD011388) awarded to the first author.

REFERENCES

Adam, E. K., Heissel, J. A., Zeiders, K. H., Richeson, J. A., Ross, E. C., Ehrlich, K. B., Levy, D. J., Kemeny, M., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., Peck, S. C., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2015). Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: A 20-year prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62(December), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018
CASPubMedGoogle Scholar
Albuja, A. F., Gaither, S. E., Sanchez, D. T., Straka, B., & Cipollina, R. (2019). Psychophysiological stress responses to bicultural and biracial identity denial. Journal of Social Issues, 75(4), 1165–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12347
10.1111/josi.12347
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Alcántara, C., Patel, S. R., Carnethon, M., Castañeda, S., Isasi, C. R., Davis, S., Ramos, A., Arredondo, E., Redline, S., Zee, P. C., & Gallo, L. C. (2017). Stress and sleep: Results from the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos sociocultural ancillary study. SSM Population Health, 3(December), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.004
10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.004
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Åslund, L., Arnberg, F., Kanstrup, M., & Lekander, M. (2018). Cognitive and behavioral interventions to improve sleep in school-age children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(11), 1937–1947. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7498
10.5664/jcsm.7498
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. P. (2018). Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review. American Psychologist, 73(7), 855–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000204
10.1037/amp0000204
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Blake, M. J., Blake, L. M., Schwartz, O., Raniti, M., Waloszek, J. M., Murray, G., Simmons, J. G., Landau, E., Dahl, R. E., McMakin, D. L., Dudgeon, P., Trinder, J., & Allen, N. B. (2018). Who benefits from adolescent sleep interventions? Moderators of treatment efficacy in a randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based group sleep intervention for at-risk adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 637–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12842
10.1111/jcpp.12842
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Blake, M. J., Sheeber, L. B., Youssef, G. J., Raniti, M. B., & Allen, N. B. (2017). Systematic review and meta-analysis of adolescent cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(3), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0234-5
10.1007/s10567-017-0234-5
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Brown, W. J., Wilkerson, A. K., Boyd, S. J., Dewey, D., Mesa, F., & Bunnell, B. E. (2018). A review of sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with anxiety. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(3), e12635. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12635
10.1111/jsr.12635
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Bryant, N. B., & Gómez, R. L. (2015). The teen sleep loss epidemic: What can be done? Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(1), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000020
10.1037/tps0000020
Google Scholar
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Are you getting enough sleep? https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/features/getting-enough-sleep.html
Google Scholar
Cespedes, E. M., Gillman, M. W., Kleinman, K., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Redline, S., & Taveras, E. M. (2014). Television viewing, bedroom television, and sleep duration from infancy to mid-childhood. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1163–e1171. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3998
10.1542/peds.2013-3998
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Chee, N. I. Y. N., Ghorbani, S., Golkashani, H. A., Leong, R. L. F., Ong, J. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2021). Multi-night validation of a sleep tracking ring in adolescents compared with a research actigraph and polysomnography. Nature and Science of Sleep, 13, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S286070
10.2147/NSS.S286070
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Chen, P., Baylin, A., Lee, J., Dunietz, G. L., Cantoral, A., Rojo, M. M. T., Peterson, K. E., & Jansen, E. C. (2021). The association between sleep duration and sleep timing and insulin resistance among adolescents in Mexico City. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(1), 57–63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8244572/pdf/nihms-1704320.pdf
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.012
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Chen, S., Alers-Rojas, F., Benner, A., & Gleason, M. (2022). Daily experiences of discrimination and ethnic/racial minority adolescents' sleep: The moderating role of social support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(2), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12693
10.1111/jora.12693
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Chiang, J. J., Kim, J. J., Almeida, D. M., Bower, J. E., Dahl, R. E., Irwin, M. R., McCreath, H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2017). Sleep efficiency modulates associations between family stress and adolescent depressive symptoms and negative affect. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.011
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.011
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Chung, K.-F., Lee, C.-T., Yeung, W.-F., Chan, M.-S., Chung, E. W.-Y., & Lin, W.-L. (2017). Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Family Practice, 35(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmx122
10.1093/fampra/cmx122
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Crowley, S. J., Velez, S. L., Killen, L. G., Cvengros, J. A., Fogg, L. F., & Eastman, C. I. (2022). Extending weeknight sleep of delayed adolescents using weekend morning bright light and evening time management. Sleep, 46(1), zsac202. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac202
10.1093/sleep/zsac202
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Das, A. (2013). How does race get “under the skin”?: Inflammation, weathering, and metabolic problems in late life. Social Science & Medicine, 77, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.007
10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.007
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Delfmann, L. R., Verloigne, M., Deforche, B., Hunter, S. C., Cardon, G., de Boer, J., & Vandendriessche, A. (2023). Psychosocial determinants of sleep behavior and healthy sleep among adolescents: A two-wave panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01866-8
10.1007/s10964?023?01866?8
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkhof, G. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2010). The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004
10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Dunbar, M., Mirpuri, S., & Yip, T. (2017). Ethnic/racial discrimination moderates the effect of sleep quality on school engagement across high school. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(4), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000146
10.1037/cdp0000146
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Durley, I., Arra, N., Kiss, O., Harkness, A., Camacho, L., & Baker, F. C. (2023). 0776 Effects of perceived discrimination on sleep and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in Hispanic/Latinx adolescents. Sleep, 46(Suppl. 1), A342–A343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0776
10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0776
Google Scholar
Edinger, J. D., Bonnet, M. H., Bootzin, R. R., Doghramji, K., Dorsey, C. M., Espie, C. A., Jamieson, A. O., Vaughn McCall, W., Morin, C. M., Stepanski, E. J., & American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. (2004). Derivation of research diagnostic criteria for insomnia: Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group. Sleep, 27(8), 1567–1596. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.8.1567
10.1093/sleep/27.8.1567
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., Gillis, B. T., Saini, E. K., Erath, S. A., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2022). Sleep and disparities in child and adolescent development. Child Development Perspectives, 16(4), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12465
10.1111/cdep.12465
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., Zeringue, M. M., Saini, E. K., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Yip, T. (2021). Discrimination and adjustment in adolescence: The moderating role of sleep. Sleep, 45(1), zsab215. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab215
10.1093/sleep/zsab215
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Co.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Felson, R. B. (1992). “Kick'em when they're down”: Explanations of the relationship between stress and interpersonal aggression and violence. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00360.x
10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00360.x
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Forde, A. T., Crookes, D. M., Suglia, S. F., & Demmer, R. T. (2019). The weathering hypothesis as an explanation for racial disparities in health: A systematic review. Annals of Epidemiology, 33(May), 1–18. e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.011
10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.011
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Nichols, O. I., Burrow, A. L., Ong, A. D., Chae, D. H., & El-Sheikh, M. (2021). Day-to-day fluctuations in experiences of discrimination: Associations with sleep and the moderating role of internalized racism among African American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000342
10.1037/cdp0000342
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Galván, A. (2020). The need for sleep in the adolescent brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 24(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.002
10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.002
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Garbers, S., Suruki, C., Falletta, K. A., Gold, M. A., & Bruzzese, J. M. (2021). Psychosocial stress, sleep quality and interest in mind-body integrative health sleep intervention among urban adolescents in the school-based health setting. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58(May), 102714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102714
10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102714
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E., Strong-Bak, W., Roth, T. C., & Nelson, T. D. (2018). Perceived discrimination and adolescent sleep in a community sample. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4(4), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2018.4.4.03
10.7758/RSF.2018.4.4.03
Google Scholar
Goosby, B. J., Straley, E., & Cheadle, J. E. (2017). Discrimination, sleep, and stress reactivity: Pathways to African American-White cardiometabolic risk inequities. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(5), 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-017-9439-z
10.1007/s11113-017-9439-z
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Gordon, A. M., & Chen, S. (2014). The role of sleep in interpersonal conflict: Do sleepless nights mean worse fights? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613488952
10.1177/1948550613488952
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Gordon, A. M., Prather, A. A., Dover, T., Espino-Pérez, K., Small, P., & Major, B. (2020). Anticipated and experienced ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep: A longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(12), 1724–1735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220928859
10.1177/0146167220928859
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Hall, W. A., & Nethery, E. (2019). What does sleep hygiene have to offer children's sleep problems? Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 31(August), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2018.10.005
10.1016/j.prrv.2018.10.005
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Hart, A. R., Lavner, J. A., Carter, S. E., & Beach, S. R. (2021). Racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, and sleep problems among Blacks in the rural South. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(1), 123–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7876626/pdf/nihms-1667724.pdf
10.1037/cdp0000365
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Huynh, V. W., & Gillen-O'Neel, C. (2016). Discrimination and sleep: The protective role of school belonging. Youth & Society, 48(5), 649–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13506720
10.1177/0044118X13506720
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Morgan, D., & Antonucci, T. (1997). The effects of positive and negative social exchanges on aging adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 52B(4), S190–S199. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/52B.4.S190
10.1093/geronb/52B.4.S190
Google Scholar
Johnson, D. A., Billings, M. E., & Hale, L. (2018). Environmental determinants of insufficient sleep and sleep disorders: Implications for population health. Current Epidemiology Reports, 5(2), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-018-0139-y
10.1007/s40471-018-0139-y
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Johnston, M. P., & Nadal, K. L. (2010). Multiracial microaggressions: Exposing monoracism in everyday life and clinical practice. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact (pp. 123–144). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Google Scholar
Kansagra, S. (2020). Sleep disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics, 145(Suppl. 2), S204–s209. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2056I
10.1542/peds.2019-2056I
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Killgore, W. D., Balkin, T. J., Yarnell, A. M., & Capaldi, V. F., II. (2017). Sleep deprivation impairs recognition of specific emotions. Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, 3, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.01.001
10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.01.001
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kim, D. H., Kim, B., Jang, S. Y., Lee, S. G., & Kim, T. H. (2022). Sleep and mental health among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Investigation, 19(8), 637–645. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0342
10.30773/pi.2021.0342
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Kuula, L., Pesonen, A.-K., Martikainen, S., Kajantie, E., Lahti, J., Strandberg, T., Tuovinen, S., Heinonen, K., Pyhälä, R., Lahti, M., & Räikkönen, K. (2015). Poor sleep and neurocognitive function in early adolescence. Sleep Medicine, 16(10), 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.06.017
10.1016/j.sleep.2015.06.017
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Lee, P. H., & Suen, L. K. P. (2017). The convergent validity of Actiwatch 2 and ActiGraph link accelerometers in measuring total sleeping period, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency in free-living condition. Sleep and Breathing, 21(1), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1406-0
10.1007/s11325-016-1406-0
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Lee, X. K., Chee, N. I. Y. N., Ong, J. L., Teo, T. B., Rijn, E. V., Lo, J. C., & Chee, M. W. L. (2019). Validation of a consumer sleep wearable device with actigraphy and polysomnography in adolescents across sleep opportunity manipulations. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 15(9), 1337–1346. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7932
10.5664/jcsm.7932
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Levy, D. J., Heissel, J. A., Richeson, J. A., & Adam, E. K. (2016). Psychological and biological responses to race-based social stress as pathways to disparities in educational outcomes. American Psychologist, 71(6), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040322
10.1037/a0040322
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Lichstein, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Taylor, D. J., Bush, A. J., & Riedel, B. W. (2003). Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(4), 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00023-2
10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00023-2
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Lunsford-Avery, J. R., Engelhard, M. M., Navar, A. M., & Kollins, S. H. (2018). Validation of the sleep regularity index in older adults and associations with cardiometabolic risk. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14158. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32402-5
10.1038/s41598-018-32402-5
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Majeno, A., Tsai, K. M., Huynh, V. W., McCreath, H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2018). Discrimination and sleep difficulties during adolescence: The mediating roles of loneliness and perceived stress. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0755-8
10.1007/s10964-017-0755-8
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Mayne, S. L., Mitchell, J. A., Virudachalam, S., Fiks, A. G., & Williamson, A. A. (2021). Neighborhood environments and sleep among children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57(June), 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101465
10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101465
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Meijer, A. M., Reitz, E., Deković, M., van den Wittenboer, G. L. H., & Stoel, R. D. (2010). Longitudinal relations between sleep quality, time in bed and adolescent problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 1278–1286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02261.x
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02261.x
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406
10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406
CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Naismith, S. L., & Mowszowski, L. (2018). Sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 153–159. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/yco/2018/00000031/00000002/art00014;jsessionid=46gb6eqf1cs3l.x-ic-live-01
10.1097/YCO.0000000000000397
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
National Sleep Foundation. (2020). How much sleep do you really need? https://www.thensf.org/how-many-hours-of-sleep-do-you-really-need/
Google Scholar
Olaithe, M., Richardson, C., Ree, M., Hartung, K., Wylde, T., & Bucks, R. (2024). Sleep in young people: What works now and where to? A meta-review of behavioural and cognitive interventions and lifestyle factors. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 22(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2023.2182305
10.1080/15402002.2023.2182305
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Ong, A. D., Cerrada, C., Lee, R. A., & Williams, D. R. (2017). Stigma consciousness, racial microaggressions, and sleep disturbance among Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000062
10.1037/aap0000062
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D'Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Troester, M. M., & Wise, M. S. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of sleep medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785–786. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5866
10.5664/jcsm.5866
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Phillips, A. J. K., Clerx, W. M., O'Brien, C. S., Sano, A., Barger, L. K., Picard, R. W., Lockley, S. W., Klerman, E. B., & Czeisler, C. A. (2017). Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 3216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03171-4
10.1038/s41598-017-03171-4
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Priest, N., Chong, S., Truong, M., Alam, O., Dunn, K., O'Connor, M., Paradies, Y., Ward, A., & Kavanagh, A. (2020). Racial discrimination and socioemotional and sleep problems in a cross-sectional survey of Australian secondary school students. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 105(11), 1079–1085. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-318875
10.1136/archdischild-2020-318875
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Sadeh, A. (2011). The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: An update. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 15(4), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.10.001
10.1016/j.smrv.2010.10.001
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Sano, A., Yu, A. Z., McHill, A. W., Phillips, A. J. K., Taylor, S., Jaques, N., Klerman, E. B., & Picard, R. W. (2015, August 25–29). Prediction of happy-sad mood from daily behaviors and previous sleep history. 37th Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Milan, Italy https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319954
10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319954
Google Scholar
Saxvig, I. W., Bjorvatn, B., Hysing, M., Sivertsen, B., Gradisar, M., & Pallesen, S. (2021). Sleep in older adolescents. Results from a large cross-sectional, population-based study. Journal of Sleep Research, 30(4), e13263.
10.1111/jsr.13263
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Schwecherl, L. (2021). You snooze, you win: Harvard requires freshmen to take “Sleep 101” course. Sleepopolis. https://sleepopolis.com/news/harvard-sleep-101/#:~:text=Prior%20to%20the%20first%20day,Women%27s%20Hospital%20in%20Boston%2C%20Massachusetts
Google Scholar
Shahid, A., Khairandish, A., Gladanac, B., & Shapiro, C. (2012). Peeking into the minds of troubled adolescents: The utility of polysomnography sleep studies in an inpatient psychiatric unit. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.034
10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.034
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Sharma, M., Aggarwal, S., Madaan, P., Saini, L., & Bhutani, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine, 84(August), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.002
10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.002
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Shipman-Lacewell, J., Hagiwara, N., Green, T., Jones, H., Belgrave, F., & Valrie, C. (2023). Sleep and fatigue as mediators of racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms in Black adolescent-caregiver dyads. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(10), 1407–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01069-6
10.1007/s10802-023-01069-6
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Simons, R. L., Lei, M.-K., Klopack, E., Beach, S. R. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Philibert, R. A. (2021). The effects of social adversity, discrimination, and health risk behaviors on the accelerated aging of African Americans: Further support for the weathering hypothesis. Social Science & Medicine, 282(August), 113169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113169
10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113169
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Sletten, T. L., Weaver, M. D., Foster, R. G., Gozal, D., Klerman, E. B., Rajaratnam, S. M., Roenneberg, T., Takahashi, J. S., Turek, F. W., & Vitiello, M. V. (2023). The importance of sleep regularity: A consensus statement of the National Sleep Foundation sleep timing and variability panel. Sleep Health, 9(6), 801–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.016
10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.016
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Slopen, N., Lewis, T. T., & Williams, D. R. (2016). Discrimination and sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 18(February), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.012
10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.012
PubMedGoogle Scholar
Slopen, N., & Williams, D. R. (2014). Discrimination, other psychosocial stressors, and self-reported sleep duration and difficulties. Sleep, 37(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3326
10.5665/sleep.3326
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Smith, M. T., McCrae, C. S., Cheung, J., Martin, J. L., Harrod, C. G., Heald, J. L., & Carden, K. A. (2018). Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(7), 1209–1230. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7228
10.5664/jcsm.7228
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Thomas, K. S., Bardwell, W. A., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2006). The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue. Health Psychology, 25(5), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.635
10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.635
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Tomalski, P., Moore, D. G., Ballieux, H., Kushnerenko, E. V., Johnson, M. H., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2016). Separating the effects of ethnicity and socio-economic status on sleep practices of 6- to 7-month-old infants. Learning and Individual Differences, 46(February), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.028
10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.028
Google Scholar
Tomfohr, L., Pung, M. A., Edwards, K. M., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2012). Racial differences in sleep architecture: The role of ethnic discrimination. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.002
10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.002
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Wang, Y., & Yip, T. (2020). Sleep facilitates coping: Moderated mediation of daily sleep, ethnic/racial discrimination, stress responses, and adolescent well-being. Child Development, 91(4), e833–e852. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13324
10.1111/cdev.13324
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Werner-Seidler, A., Li, S. H., Spanos, S., Johnston, L., O'Dea, B., Torok, M., Ritterband, L., Newby, J. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Christensen, H. (2023). The effects of a sleep-focused smartphone application on insomnia and depressive symptoms: A randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(9), 1324–1335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13795
10.1111/jcpp.13795
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Wheaton, A. G., & Claussen, A. H. (2021). Short sleep duration among infants, children, and adolescents aged 4 months–17 years—United States, 2016–2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(38), 1315–1321. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7038a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm7038a1
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Wheaton, A. G., Jones, S. E., Cooper, A. C., & Croft, J. B. (2018). Short sleep duration among middle school and high school students—United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(3), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6703a1
10.15585/mmwr.mm6703a1
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Windred, D. P., Burns, A. C., Lane, J. M., Saxena, R., Rutter, M. K., Cain, S. W., & Phillips, A. J. K. (2023). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep, 47(1), zsad253. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253
10.1093/sleep/zsad253
Web of Science®Google Scholar
Xie, M., Yip, T., Cham, H., & El-Sheikh, M. (2021). The impact of daily discrimination on sleep/wake problem trajectories among diverse adolescents. Child Development, 92(5), e1061–e1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13605
10.1111/cdev.13605
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T. (2015). The effects of ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep quality on depressive symptoms and self-esteem trajectories among diverse adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0123-x
10.1007/s10964-014-0123-x
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T., Cham, H., Wang, Y., & El-Sheikh, M. (2020). Discrimination and sleep mediate ethnic/racial identity and adolescent adjustment: Uncovering change processes with slope-as-mediator mediation. Child Development, 91(3), 1021–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13276
10.1111/cdev.13276
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T., Cheon, Y. M., Wang, Y., Cham, H., Tryon, W., & El-Sheikh, M. (2020). Racial disparities in sleep: Associations with discrimination among ethnic/racial minority adolescents. Child Development, 91(3), 914–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13234
10.1111/cdev.13234
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T., Cheon, Y. M., Wang, Y., Deng, W. Q., & Seligson, A. L. (2020). Sociodemographic and environmental factors associated with childhood sleep duration. Sleep Health, 6(6), 767–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.05.007
10.1016/j.sleh.2020.05.007
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T., Feng, Y., Lorenzo, K., & El-Sheikh, M. (2023). Ethnic/racial discrimination and academic grades among adolescents: Moderation by sleep regularity. Journal of Sleep Research, 32(3), e13798. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13798
10.1111/jsr.13798
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Yip, T., Xie, M., Cham, H., & El Sheikh, M. (2022). Linking ethnic/racial discrimination to adolescent mental health: Sleep disturbances as an explanatory pathway. Child Development, 93(4), 973–994. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13747
10.1111/cdev.13747
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar
Zeiders, K. H. (2017). Discrimination, daily stress, sleep, and Mexican-origin adolescents' internalizing symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(4), 570–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000159
10.1037/cdp0000159
PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Volume18, Issue4

December 2024

Pages 172-181

Developmental links between ethnic and racial discrimination and sleep

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SLEEP

THE NATURE OF THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SLEEP AND DISCRIMINATION

SLEEP MEASUREMENT AND TERMINOLOGY

DIRECT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP

Cross-sectional approaches

Longitudinal approaches

Shorter-term longitudinal designs

Longer-term longitudinal designs

Bidirectional associations

SLEEP DISTURBANCES AS MEDIATING PATHWAYS

JOINT ASSOCIATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP WITH DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES

THE POTENTIAL FOR INTERVENTIONS FOCUSED ON SLEEP TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION

CONCLUSION

FUNDING INFORMATION

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Developmental links between ethnic and racial discrimination and sleep

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SLEEP

THE NATURE OF THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SLEEP AND DISCRIMINATION

SLEEP MEASUREMENT AND TERMINOLOGY

DIRECT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP

Cross-sectional approaches

Longitudinal approaches

Shorter-term longitudinal designs

Longer-term longitudinal designs

Bidirectional associations

SLEEP DISTURBANCES AS MEDIATING PATHWAYS

JOINT ASSOCIATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION AND SLEEP WITH DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES

THE POTENTIAL FOR INTERVENTIONS FOCUSED ON SLEEP TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION

CONCLUSION

FUNDING INFORMATION

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information